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With investigation, an analyst will be more problems and understand system flow more depth, although detect problems in the already known problem but still describe the size of the course. Many reports in the detection problem may not actually be real or can not be solved. This may be because:
a. Goals that are too difficult or the ideal so that might not be reached.
b. The system can not be developed because of lack of resources, attitudes or
both.
c. Measurement system that is not accurate.
d. Statement of purpose of the system that is behind
e. The gap between the ideal system and the system at this time is while
In solving the problem, should provide an explanation of:
a. meaning condition of the system that runs through the investigation
in detail.
b. Getting a consensus that the ideal system.
c. Develop alternatives to reduce some of the differences gaps
between the ideal system with which the system is running.
d. Selecting the best alternative and sell it to management.
The objective of the investigation is to stabilize
or indicate a problem that actually occurs in addition as a way an analyst to understand the system in depth.
Constraint in Investigation System
In doing some investigation, there are obstacles or constraints that
will occur, among other issues:
a. Time
Analysts lack of resources time, so only do
part of the investigation. Usually time-related problems
cost is required.
b. Cost
Often the costs incurred related to the length of time for
investigation activities, so that management will give the limits of cost.
c. Knowledge
Manager information systems tend junior told analysts that have not been
have the technical expertise or knowledge is sufficient, so that will be
impact on the results of investigations that are less deep, mature or complete.
d. Politics
Management or the parties may distribute certain issues which
purpose is to restrict the investigation activities.
e. Interference
There are parties who try to intervene or
investigation in activities that will disrupt or cause
chaos.
Recommendation
Results of the investigation is a recommendation, which is one of them
as follows:
a. Does not take any action because it found no problems.
This can happen because the problem contrived so that when the investigation is done the problem-the problem does not happen or was not found.
b. Perform system maintenance for problems that small.
Maintenance of the system that made every day (short period) will be
help minimize the problem
c. Or improve skills in the run or the user
using information systems.
d. Consider modifications to the system in total, so the need to
thought to replace it with a new system.
e. Place going into the development plan system
which is done immediately.
Investigation tactic
a. listen, do not lecture.
If you know all the answers, you definitely will not conduct investigations.
So that in the investigation should provide enough time
management or for the user to explain in full and
systems analyst and clearly do not dominate the discussion.
b. Do not provide solutions to the initial problem. do not try to show ideas to solve the problem,
before the investigation is complete all the activities carried out, so avoid
solutions that part-part.
c. compare stories.
Different people mean different views of the same problem,
so the need to involve the supervisor and subordinate in the
view of the problem clearly and can be trusted.
d. Note the logical inconsistency problems
Inconsistency is the logical termination of the data flow where data
missing, or suddenly appear certain data. Some of the things that
dealing with this issue:
There are input data but no output (black hole).
* There is the output , but no input data (miracles).
Investigation Technique
Investigation techniques included:
a. Direct (internal) probes
Namely to find out directly what is happening in the environment
user.
There are three techniques for
conduct the investigation directly, with:
* Questionnaire
This technique is very appropriate, if in the investigation have constraints
and cost.The best time of the questionnaire is as a document that can show
differences that occurred in the respondents.
* Interview
These activities require time and special expertise. Not all people
able to interview successfully. Obstacles faced and the time is
special expertise.
* Observation
a powerful internal probe
Sit together with the system by making observations with the
question is more specific. Each question may
will be able to demonstrate problem-solving mysterious.
b. indirect (external) probes
Activities that can be done quickly and not visible from
operational personnel, so that they can know the outside or something
hidden from the user community. This activity will dominate
activities at the beginning of the SDLC, the internal probe to deepen.
* Flow of the procedure (procedure flow).
Use the system flowchart for the explanation of the way as the information operations procedures. If there is any problem in procedure, the problem may be
arise in the actual operations.
* Reviewing documents
Is to find and collect the documents necessary . Documents often caused problems.
* Sampling
Maybe you need information from the vendor that has been billing provide discounts at the time of payment, because the company lost money when the discount is not given when the delay of payment.You can involve the customer to get the payer information (although there are many transactions). Finally you can make list of sample data with the random selection for one last a week, select the 20 pages of daily transactions, select 5 items from each page are selected., record the information for each item and 5 calculate the average-Ra and variants to the sample-sample of all transactions payment occurs.
* Tabular
Also called the matrix, the check list to find discrepancies in the transaction flow
System Description at Moment
Determine the performance of the system at this time will have difficulty when
company does not have a standard performance measurement system.
Unfortunately, companies tend not to update documentation systems that are running. Therefore, analysts improve document system for investigating the problem.
Description of the system include a clear explanation at this time:
a. Inputs
b. Outputs
c. Files
d. Data elements
e. Volume of transactions and documents action
f. Data flow diagrams
Analysis Requirement
Requirement analysis phase is the intensive interaction between the analyst system with the user community the system (end-user), where the development team system shows the expertise to get the responses and confidence the user, so get a good participation.Is working hard to get agreement a user about their needs from an information system, as they may the failure of the previous information system.
In doing this step will be achieved 4 goals, namely:
a. Describe the system at this time in full.
b. Describes the ideal information system.
c. Bringing information system to the ideal conditions at this time with
attention to resource constraints.
d. Provide encouragement to the confidence of this team into the development
system.
Method needs analysis
Keep the selection method of collecting data for the right to system requirement. Methods are interviews, questionnaires, observation, analysis procedure, and document the survey. Each method will be described in depth as follows:
Interviews
1. Benefits of the method.
interviewer can measure the response through the questions and to adjust them
according to the situation that occurred.
Good for the problems that are not structured, such as why you
think this could happen?.
Demonstrating the effect of interviewer time.
create a high response since the preparation meeting.
2. Loss method.
• Requires time and cost is not small.
• Requires special training and experience of the interviewer.
• It is difficult to compare the interview reports as natural subjectivity.
Some important factors in both the interview, namely objektives,
audience, format, weighting and combining responses, and docummentation.
Questionnaires
1. Benefits of the method.
• Cheap and fast from the interviews.
• Not require a trained investigator (only one expert who
needed to design a questionnaire for end-user are selected.
• With easy-to minimize the cost for all end-user.
2. Loss method.
• Unable to create a specific question for the end-user.
• Analyst does not involve an impression so that can reveal personal
end-user.
• response to a low not because there is a strong encouragement for
return the questionnaire.
• Not be able to customize the questions to end-user specific.
Observation
1. Benefits of the method.
• Get the facts from the records of opinion.
• Not require construction of a question.
• Not disrupt or hide something (end-users do not know that they are observed).
• Analyst does not rely on verbal descriptions of end-users.
2. Loss method.
• If visible, analysts may change operation (end-user was observed).
• In the long term, the fact that in one observation may be
not appropriate (representative) in daily or weekly.
Procedure Analysis
1. Benefits of the method.
• Evaluation procedures can be done with the interferences is minimal and does not affect the operation.
• Procedure can flow into a structure checklist for make observations.
2. Loss method.
• procedures may not be complete and not up to date again.
• Learning the flow chart to document the time and expertise analyst.
Observations document
1. Benefits of the method.
• Minimize interruptions of operations functions.
• The beginning of the data element dictionary.
• Often, you can consider major procedural modifications.
2. Loss method.
• Requires enough time (there is a business organization in the
swamped with documents and reports).
Resource constraints
a. Time
Time constraints this can affect the analyst to consider the technology innovation that can not be operated in a short time. Therefore, the need to take enough time to have a respite so that they can make the most good alternative.
b. Money
The ideal information system would require the expensive cost, so that
requires adequate funding.
c. Expertise.
Staff information system may not have knowledge or experience
a significant problem telecommunications company mengkontrak consultants can add the ability to design. This will be the diperhadapkan
constraint costs incurred for energy consultants.
d. Technology.
Technology needs may become the main problem in supporting
working system, so the need to pay attention to the development of technology continues
again, the consequences of spending that occurred
e. Exsternal factors.
Many obstacles that come from outside of the design settings, such as prevention
use exotic technologies (of exotic technologies), to prevent
keep local data in a central database system, and so forth.
Generating Systems Alternatives
How do I approach the condition of the system at this time with the condition of the ideal system?
Creating an alternative to solve the problem of information system
Alternative is best applied wisely
Distributed versus centralized processing
Currently, there is a tendency changes occur centralized decision-making information from data processing to the end-user Decentralized responsibility center.in environment distribution process, end-user disconnect the equipment, and the implementation of priority development.
On the other there is a growing number of end-user to enter the computer world. They try the latest technology without considering the cost and risk. Without expertise, the system will be in a conservative environment
Integrated versus dispersed databases
When organizations use a database system spread, the system
consideration has the option of what files are included in the
database and the data are entered in the file. Integrated database
by the administrator maintain a database of all control data
storage, access and modification.
Surround strategy of system development
System development strategy is important because many companies
have a stack of the new system is designed and conditions
system that is currently being modified. This strategy allows the system designer
differences in language use of the program and run it on a computer
different for a full compatibility of the system. Strategy around the environment is very important in the problem corporate takeovers, in which one company to get the company
and information systems may not compatible with (different).
Tactics Options
Selection is done before the design operational
Designing Operational Options
Options can be grouped into the design
Input
Online Vs Off Line Data Entry
Keyed Vs Machine Readable Data Entry
Centralized Vs Decentralized Data Entry
Processing
Batch Vs Realtime record update
Sequential Vs Direct Access to records
Single Vs Multiple Users update of records
Output
Traditional Vs Turn Around Documents
Structured Inquiry Vs based reports
Comparison Tactics
System based on the comparison of costs and benefits relative. Cost is the demand for payment.benefit value or additional conditions as a result of the implementation of information systems. These matters include error rates, increasing sales (increased customer sales), and speed response time. The advantage is difficult to be measured because the qualitative (not just a number only descriptive). Increase customer satisfaction and reduce the resistance (end-user resistance) is a qualitative advantage. The advantage is the opportunity to increase (improve) the benefits the company.
There are three ways a system (A) can be more superior than the other system (B).
1. Have a lower cost than B, and both systems have
same benefits.
2. Have a lower cost than B, and A will also have the advantage
more than B.
3. A and B cost the same, but A has the advantage
more.
There are 4 methods used to compare two or more
information system, namely:
a. Break-even analysis (BEP)
b. Payback period
c. Discounted payback period
d. Internal rate of return (IRR).
Cost category
Basically the costs are divided into categories:
a. Hardware: Mainframe, minicomputers, microcomputers, and peripherals
equipment.
b. Software: systems, utilities, and application software.
c. People: analysts, programmers, operators, data entry personnel
d. Supplies: paper, tapes, disk
e. Telecommunications: modem, local area network cabling, multiplexors,
front-end processors
f. Physical site: air conditioning, Humidity control, security
Nature of costs
Comparing the cost of information systems through the life of the system, analysts prediction how the cost changes for the future. To do,there are three models operating cost information system, namely:
a. Linear.
b. Exponential.
c. Step function
Cost information system can occur once or continous.On-time costs, development costs are related to the development of the system, and recurring costs, operational costs are associated with the operating system information every day. The difference between one-time
(development) and recurring (operational costs) are often from the material.For example, the purchase of a computer is a one-time development system, while the rent is the same computer recurring operational cost.
The Information System
Some of the factors that lead qualitative performance information system that both:
a. Reduce the error level.
b. Reducing the time to fix the error.
c. Reduce the response time of interactive workstations.
d. Accelerate the provision of the report.
e. Improving the security system.
f. Propagate update the source record is active.
g. Increasing user satisfaction.
Several factors can be measured, but not in money.
There are factors the company strategy is as follows:
1. Customer satisfaction
Increase customer satisfaction will no doubt increase sales. As sales increase, however, difficult to predict and are quantitative.
2. Increase sales
Point of sales system (POS) from the free storage tasks record. Management expect sales staff devoted time to the business of marketing and sales is increasing. But sales will increase in difficulty to predict the money.
3. Consumer and vendor commitment
Company designing an online feedback system and allow consumers to directly access the system. Consumers are now locked on this system so that a commitment to faithful at the company. Consumer and vendor commitment difficult to predict.
4. Information product marketing.
Often, new information systems can be used by the others company .Like American Airline system provides information for marketing products in 1970, the company developed a system of booking and ticketing systems and marketing this service also used by other airlines, so that a product is profitable.
Here are some guidelines for presenting the study system successfully:
1. Presenting a short time to avoid exceeding
provided.
2. Reducing the technical explanation of detail may be minimal. More
both techniques are explained in detail to answer specific questions
of not requested.
3. Presented clearly, so that does not use the equipment visual.
4. If using a model (prototyping), take bring workstation
portable (laptop). Demonstration is more directly informative
and interesting than inactive visual aids.
5. Emphasize the benefits the proposed system with some information
alternative in accordance with the conditions experienced by the company.
Do not limit the other system information. Use financial values such as ROI (return on investment).
Go / No-go Decision
Top management must decide to continue (go) to develop a new information system or slow or does not approve the development of the system (no-go). If top-level management decisions, decided to development systems, information systems departments have begun the design process the next stage. If top management does not approve the proposed new information system, the systems development life cycle (SDLC) is stopped. Rarely as that. decision, top management to find a problem with the system study. The problem is not serious enough cause termination of project, but they re-work. This decision is the basis for the waterfall models of systems analysis. Model explains some of the stages of the repeated. Sometimes, the department of information systems decision making phases repeat before the present system study. With the alternative, the decision stage a repeat SDLC previously called or not
refernce:
http://kuliah.dinus.ac.id/ika/asi6.html
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